An American Psychological Association analysis of body camera footage from more than 100 police officers found that during traffic stops, officers tended to speak to Black men in a less respectful and less friendly tone than they typically did with white men.
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That might not come off as a surprise if youโre Black or if youโve heard stories of some Black peopleโs interactions with the police during traffic stopsโmany of which are disproportionately fatal when involving Black motorists. But, as reported by the Los Angeles Times, these accounts are now backed by research.
From the Times:
โIt really reflects the amount of work that law enforcement needs to continue to do,โ said Diane Goldstein, executive director of the nonprofit Law Enforcement Action Partnership. โWe have to recognize the problem, we have to acknowledge our unconscious biases in these types of situations, and we have to acknowledge the role that race plays in the criminal justice system.โ
This study, which was published on Monday, builds off of previous research that found the language used by police in Oakland, Calif. was less respectful toward Black residents when compared to white residents.
According to the Times, the new study focuses more on tone than word choice.
The scientists analyzed hundreds of audio clips โ each roughly 10 seconds long โ from routine traffic stops of Black or white men. The researchers filtered out the high frequencies of the sound clips, which essentially rendered the clips unintelligible but left the tone of voice intact. They also masked the driversโ voices with โbrown noise,โ so that anyone hearing the clip would not be able to guess the motoristsโ race.
The researchers then asked more than 400 people โ a diverse group of white, Latino, Asian and Black volunteers โ to listen to the clips and rate the officersโ tone of voice.
Across the board, clips of officers speaking to Black men got lower marks for friendliness, respectfulness and ease than those of officers speaking to white men โ even though the listeners were not aware of the driversโ race.
On a scale of 1 to 6, the average score of officer tone toward white drivers was 3.72 (slightly positive) while the average score toward black drivers was 3.5 (neither positive nor negative).
The perception of the listeners remained the same, regardless of their age, race, gender and political orientation, according to the Times.
So, what should be the main takeaway from all of this?
Tracey Mears, a Yale University professor that specializes in citizen perception of police, told the Times that while the difference between the scores wasnโt huge, the key thing to know is that โthere are differences that can be detected.โ
Charles Ramsey, a former Washington D.C. police chief who now works as a law enforcement analyst for CNN argued that the tone police officers take during traffic stops depends on various circumstances, includingย whether they were pulled over for a minor traffic violation or because they were intoxicated. He added that officers โshould never be disrespectful.โ
For this study, only routine traffic stops were used for the analysis. No arrests were made during any of the interactions.
Nicholas Camp, an assistant professor of organizational studies for the University of Michigan and lead researcher for the study, said this to CNN:
โOne of the most important tools that officers have at their disposal with the public is their communication,โ Camp said. โCommunication and this interpersonal aspect of policing is undervalued and sometimes overlooked.โ
โ... We know from previous research that people base their trust in law enforcement based on their personal experiences,โ Camp added. โWe show that these are institutional interactions โ that things like an officerโs language or tone of voice, just very human parts of their communication, matter for community membersโ trust in the police.โ
Itโll definitely take much, MUCH more work to rectify many Black peopleโs distrust of the police. But, if theyโre going to start somewhere, being nicer during traffic stops might be one of many good places to begin with.
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